parts of speech:
? What does it mean parts of speech?
Definition: Parts of speech are the words that are divided into different
Kinds or classes. The words (parts of
speech) can be subdivided into 8
groups:
1. verb (v)
2. noun (n)
3. adjective (adj):
4. adverb (adv)
5. pronoun (pro)
6. preposition (prep)
7. conjunction (conj)
8. interjection (interj)
→Now in our
assignment just talk about nouns. Please look at it together.
Nouns:
Definition: Noun
is the name of person, an animal, a thing, a place, an
idea, quality, feeling, or a state of being.
Ex: car, tree,
pen, phone…
1. function of nouns:
What can a noun
function?
Noun can function:
1.1
Subject of verbs:
Ex: What you said is true?
Where he go
every night worried his life?
? What is subject?
Definition: Subject is the word or group of words
(phrase) that stands before verbs and dose the action of the verbs.
Ex: The cat catches the
fish.
• Cat is noun that function as subject
• Catches is a verb.
1.2
Object of verbs:
Ex: He doesn’t know if
she loves him.
People believe that the earth is
round.
1.3
Subject of complement:
Ex: That is what I want.
That lesson seems that we had
already learnt it.
1.4
Object of complement:
Ex: They elected her what she is.
They called him what his name.
1.5
Indirect object:
Ex: I will tell whoever wants to listen a story.
The teacher will give whoever is clever a prize.
1.6
Object of preposition:
Ex: I
will go to where the scenery is very beautiful.
They were
looking at what the police were doing.
• When a noun has modifier preceding it, these modifiers are usually
enough to identify the noun.
Ex: My grammar book, which is at home.
The first grammar test, she
gave me a disappointed.
The nouns “book and test” are fully identified
without the adjective clause. The clauses only provide additional information.
2. Kinds of nouns:
There are
many different types of nouns. As you know, you capitalize some nouns, such as "Canada" or
"Louise," and do not capitalize others, such as "badger" or
"tree" (unless they appear at the beginning of a sentence). In fact,
grammarians have developed a whole series of noun types, including the proper
noun, the common noun, the concrete noun, the abstract noun, the countable noun
(also called the count noun), the non-countable noun (also called the mass
noun), and the collective noun. You should note that a noun will belong to more
than one type: it will be proper or common, abstract or concrete, and countable
or non-countable or collective.
If you are interested in the details of these different types, you can
read about them in the following
sections.
2.1 Noun gender:
Many common nouns, like "engineer" or "teacher," can
refer to men or women. Once, many English nouns would change form depending on
their gender.
for example, a man was called an
"author" while a woman was called
an "authoress" -- but this use of gender-specific nouns is very rare
today. Those that are still used occasionally tend to refer to occupational
categories, as in the following sentences.
Ex: •David Garrick was a very prominent eighteenth-century
actor.
•Sarah
Siddons was at the height of her career as an actress in the 1780s.
•The
manager was trying to write a want ad, but he couldn't decide whether he was
advertising for a "waiter" or a "waitress"
2.2 Noun plural:
Most nouns change their form to indicate number by adding "-s" or
"-es", as illustrated in
the following pairs of sentences:
Ex: •When Matthew was small he rarely told
the truth if he thought he was going to be punished.
•Many people do not
believe that truths are self-evident.
•As they walked
through the silent house, they were startled by an unexpected echo.
•I like to shout into
the quarry and listen to the echoes that return.
•He tripped over a box
left carelessly in the hallway.
•Since we are moving,
we will need many boxes.
There are other nouns which form the plural
by changing the last letter before
adding "s". Some words ending in "f" form the plural by
deleting "f" and adding "ves," and words ending in
"y" form the plural by deleting the "y" and adding
"ies," as in the following pairs of sentences:
Ex: •The harbor at
Marble Mountain has one wharf.
•There are several wharves
in Halifax Harbors.
•Warsaw is their favorite
city because it reminds them of their courtship.
•The vacation my
grandparents won includes trips to twelve European cities.
•The children circled
around the headmaster and shouted, "Are you a mouse or a man?"
•The audience was
shocked when all five men admitted that they were afraid of mice.
Other nouns form the plural irregularly. If English is your first
language, you probably know most of
these already: when in doubt, consult a good dictionary.
2.3 possessive noun:
In the possessive case,
a noun or pronoun
changes its form to show that it owns or is closely related to something else.
Usually, nouns become possessive by adding a combination of an apostrophe
and the letter "s."
You can form the possessive case of a singular
noun that does not end in "s" by adding an apostrophe and
"s," as in the following sentences:
Ex: •The red suitcase is Cassandra's.
•The only luggage that
was lost was the prime minister's.
•The exhausted
recruits were woken before dawn by the drill sergeants screams.
•The miner's face
was covered in coal dust.
You can form the possessive case of a singular noun that ends in
"s" by adding an apostrophe alone or by adding an apostrophe and
"s," as in the following examples:
Ex •The
bus's seats are very uncomfortable.
•Felicia
Hemans' poetry was once more popular than Lord
Byron's.
You can form the possessive case of a plural noun that does not end in
"s" by adding an apostrophe and a "s," as in the following
examples:
•The children's
mittens were scattered on the floor of the porch.
•The sheep's
pen was mucked out every day.
•Since we have a
complex appeal process, a jury's verdict is not always final.
•The men's
hockey team will be playing as soon as the women's team is finished.
•The hunter followed
the moose's trail all morning but lost it in the afternoon.
You can form the possessive case of a plural noun that does end
in "s" by adding an apostrophe:
•The concert was
interrupted by the dogs' barking, the ducks' quacking, and the babies'
squalling.
•The janitors'
room is downstairs and to the left.
•Religion is usually
the subject of the roommates' many late night debates.
When you read the following sentences, you will notice that a noun in
the possessive case frequently functions as an adjective modifying another
noun:
•The
miner's face was covered in coal dust.
Here the possessive noun "miner's" is used to modify the noun
"face" and together with the article
"the," they make up the noun phrase
that is the sentence's subject.
•The
concert was interrupted by the dogs' barking, the ducks'
quacking, and the babies' squalling.
In this sentence, each possessive noun modifies a gerund.
The possessive noun "dogs"' modifies "barking,"
"ducks"' modifies "quacking," and "babies"'
modifies "squalling."
•The
film crew accidentally crushed the platypus's eggs.
In this example the possessive noun "platypus's" modifies the
noun "eggs" and the noun
phrase "the platypus's eggs" is the direct object of the verb
““crushed."
•My
uncle spent many hours trying to locate the squirrels' nest.
In this sentence the possessive noun "squirrels"' is used to
modify the noun "nest" and the noun phrase "the squirrels'
nest" is the object
of the infinitive phrase "to locate."
You always write a proper noun with a capital
letter, since the noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or
thing. The names of days of the week, months, historical documents,
institutions, organisations, religions, their holy texts and their adherents
are proper nouns. A proper noun is the opposite of a common noun
In each of the following sentences,
the proper nouns are highlighted:
•The Maroons were
transported from Jamaica and forced to build the
fortifications in Halifax.
•Many people
dread Monday mornings.
•Beltane is celebrated on the first of May.
•Abraham appears in the Talmud and in
the Koran.
•Last year, I had
a Baptist, a Buddhist, and a Gardenia Witch as
roommates.
2.5 Common Nouns
A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing
in a general sense -- usually, you should write it with a capital letter only when
it begins a sentence. A common noun is the opposite of a proper noun.
In each of the following sentences, the common nouns are highlighted:
•According to
the sign, the nearest town is 60 miles away.
•All the gardens in
the neighborhoods were invaded by beetles this summer.
•I don't understand
why some people insist on having six different kinds of mustard in
their cupboards.
•The road crew was
startled by the sight of three large moose crossing
the road.
•Many
child-care workers are underpaid.
Sometimes you will make proper nouns out of common nouns, as in the following examples:
•The tenants in
the Garnet Apartments are appealing the large and sudden
increase in their rent.
•The meals in the
Bouncing Bean Restaurant are less expensive than meals in
ordinary restaurants.
•Many witches refer
to the Renaissance as the Burning Times.
•The Diary
of Anne Frank is often a child's first introduction to the history of
the Holocaust.
2.6 Concrete Nouns:
A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone)
that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste,
hearing, or smell. A concrete noun is the opposite of a abstract noun.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are
all concrete nouns:
•The judge handed
the files to the clerk.
•Whenever they take
the dog to the beach, it spends hours chasing waves.
•The real
estate agent urged the couple to buy the
second house because it had new shingles.
•As the car drove
past the park, the thump of a disco tune overwhelmed
the string quartet's rendition of a minuet.
•The book
binder replaced the flimsy paper cover with a
sturdy, cloth-covered board.
An abstract noun is a noun which names
anything which you can not perceive through your five physical
senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun. The highlighted words
in the following sentences are all abstract nouns:
•Buying the fire
extinguisher was an afterthought.
•Tillie is amused
by people who are nostalgic about childhood.
•Justice often seems to slip out of our grasp.
•Some scientists
believe that schizophrenia is transmitted genetically.
2.8 Countable Nouns:
A countable noun (or count noun) is a noun
with both a singular and a plural form, and it names anything (or anyone) that
you can count. You can make a countable noun plural and attach it
to a plural verb in a sentence. Countable nouns are the opposite of
non-countable nouns and collective nouns.
In each of the following sentences, the highlighted words
are countable nouns:
•We painted
the table red and the chairs blue.
•Since he inherited
his aunt's library, Jerome spends every weekend indexing
his books.
•Miriam found six
silver dollars in the toe of a sock.
•The oak tree lost
three branches in the hurricane.
•Over the course of
twenty-seven years, Martha Ballad delivered just over eight
hundred babies.
2.9 Non-Countable Nouns:
A non-countable noun (or mass noun) is a
noun which does not have a plural form, and which refers to something that you
could (or would) not usually count. A non-countable noun always takes a
singular verb in a sentence. Non-countable nouns are similar to collective
nouns, and are the opposite of countable nouns.
The highlighted words
in the following sentences are non-countable nouns:
• Joseph Priestly
discovered oxygen.
The word "oxygen" cannot normally be made plural.
• Oxygen is essential to human life.
Since "oxygen" is a non-countable
noun, it takes the singular verb "is" rather than the plural verb
"are."
•We decided to sell
the furniture rather than take it with us when we moved.
You cannot make the noun "furniture" plural.
• The furniture is
heaped in the middle of the room.
Since "furniture" is a non-countable noun, it takes a singular
verb, "is heaped."
• The crew spread
the gravel over the roadbed.
You cannot make the non-countable noun "gravel" plural.
• Gravel is more expensive than I thought.
Since "gravel" is a non-countable noun, it takes the singular
verb form "is."
A collective noun is a noun naming
a group of things, animals, or persons. You could count the individual members
of the group, but you usually think of the group as a whole is generally as one
unit. You need to be able to recognize collective nouns in order to maintain subject-verb
agreement. A collective noun is similar to a non-countable noun, and is roughly
the opposite of a countable noun.
In each of the following sentences, the
highlighted word is a collective noun:
•The flock of
geese spends most of its time in the pasture.
The collective noun "flock" takes the singular verb
"spends."
•The jury is
dining on take-out chicken tonight.
In this example the collective noun "jury" is the subject of
the singular compound verb
"is dining."
• The steering committee
meets every Wednesday afternoon.
Here the collective noun "committee" takes a singular verb,
"meets."
• The class was
startled by the bursting light bulb.
In this sentence the word "class" is a collective noun and
takes the singular compound verb "was startled."
3.
Some and Any / A lot of, Much, and Many / A little and A few with countable and
un-countable:
I- Some and Any
1- We use ‘some’ in positive and ‘any’ in
negative and question.
Example:
•There are some books on that table. (with
count noun)
•I have some
money for this ticket. (with
non-count noun)
•She doesn’t have any
money for you.
•Do you have any
questions to ask me about this topic?
2- We use ‘some’ in questions with offer or
request.
Example:
•I’ like some coffee, please.
•May I have some sugar?
•Would you like some
tea?
•Would you like some
books to read?
3- We also use ‘some’ in question when we expect
the answer is ‘yes’.
Example:
• What’s
wrong? Have you got something in
your eye?
(It seems that you’ve got something in your
eye and I expect you to answer ‘yes’)
4- We use
‘any’ in positive sentence with the meaning. It doesn’t matter which- one part
of the whole.
Example:
•You can
play any music you like.
•Come
and see me any time you are free.
•Any train from this platform stops at
Gatwick.
5. We can use ‘some’ and ‘any’ with both count and mass nouns.
Example:
•There are some books on the
table.
•I need some milk.
•Did you buy any potatoes?
•There isn’t any coffee left.
II- A lot of, Much, and Many
1- We use ‘a lot of/lots of’ with countable and uncountable nouns in
positive sentences and questions.
Example:
•A lot of people
drive too fast.
•There is still a lot of water in the jar.
•Have you got a lot of books by Churn Nat?
2- We use
‘many’ with countable nouns in negative sentences and questions.
Example:
•How many students are there in your class?
•He doesn’t have many books for reading.
•Do you know many people?
3- We use ‘much’ with uncountable nouns in
negative sentences and questions.
Example:
•How
much water do you drink a day?
•They
didn’t spend much money on their
holiday.
•Has your brother got much experience?
III- A little and A few
1. We use “a
few” with count nouns.
Example:
•He
has a few books.
•He has a few rulers.
•There
are a few students in this class.
•There are a few pens on my desk.
2. We use “a little” with
mass nouns.
Example:
•Sok has a little money.
•There
is a little coffee in his cup.
•There
is a little milk in the fridge.
•Can
you give me a little help?
Exercise
A.Complete the sentences using much ,many,
or a lot of .Use a lot of in the
Positive sentences only.
1.We saw………………………..beautiful brids on the walk.
2.I don’t
know……………………..people here. Do you?
3.There were…………………..phone call this morning.
4.We couldn’t go out because I didn’t have ……………..money
with me.
5.There aren’t ………..tourists here this year.
6.How……….money did you spend?
7.Do you smoke……… cigarettes?
8.She’s ill and she’s not eating…………food.
B. Complete the sentences using a few or a
little.
1. Did you take
any photographs at a wedding? Yes, I took …………..
2. I only
take…………… sugar in my tea because I know sugar’s bad for your teeth.
3.I met…..friends for a meal in town last night?
4.I bought………….new cassettes with my birthday money.
5…………………flowers
are starting to come up in the garden.
C. circle the correct word or words.
1.
He made a/ some lovely meals last night.
2.
I met some/ any friends of your last night.
3.
Do you write much/many letters?
4.
I like fruit juice but I don’t drink some/ much
milk.
5.
I don’t have much/many homework to do
tonight.
6.
How much /many paper do you want?
Answer key:
A. Complete the sentences by using ………..
1. a lot of
2. many
3. a lot of
4. much
5. many
6. much
7. many
8. much
B. Complete the sentences using…………
1. A few
2. A little
3. A few
4. A few
5. A few
C. Circle the correct……………..
1. A
2. Some
3. Many
4. A few
5. Much
6. Much
That’s all for our assignment , thank
you for looking and listening to our group. We wish all the students and
teacher
meet good luck all the
time and all the students can be a smart
student in the future.
Thank you!
